Research Portfolio

Chih-Wen Lan

Assistant Professor
Department of Architecture
China University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan

PhD, Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg
DAAD Fellow  ·  SUSI Fellow
Urban Religious Landscape GIS Spatial Analysis Asian Cities HUL Framework Heritage Conservation
Catholic church in Taipei

Why Religious Space? Why Asian Cities?

In Asian cities — Taipei, Singapore, Bangkok — religion is not a peripheral phenomenon but a foundational organizing force of urban life. Yet most urban analytical frameworks were built for Western contexts. My research argues that Asian cities deserve analytical methods built on their own terms, not borrowed from elsewhere.

01

Urban Morphology

How do multi-religious landscapes shape neighborhood identity, community structure, and urban morphology across time?

02

Spatial Quantification

Can the spatial logic encoded in historic religious buildings be systematically quantified through GIS — making invisible cultural strategies visible?

03

Public Translation

How can research findings be translated into public-facing visualizations and planning tools that make hidden urban dimensions accessible?

Multi-Scale GIS Analysis within the HUL Framework

Historical Map Overlay

Geocoding of historical addresses onto period base maps (Taiwan Century Historical Maps) to reconstruct the spatial environment at time of establishment.

Distance Matrix Analysis

Nearest-distance calculation between religious categories to quantify spatial competition and coexistence strategies between incoming and established traditions.

Count Points in Polygon

Buffer zone analysis measuring the proportion of religious facilities within transportation corridors — revealing spatial logic beyond visual impression.

Nearest Neighbor Analysis

Statistical index (R value) distinguishing uniform dispersion, random distribution, or spatial clustering across the full dataset of 40 churches.

Terminus Vista Distance

Field-measured visual reach of church facades along major streets — proposed as a new measurable HUL planning parameter for heritage evaluation.

Community Facility Analysis

Field survey of 25 churches: recorded distances to schools, markets, military facilities, parks, and hospitals to reveal community embedding logic.

Multi-Religious Urban Landscape of Taipei

Overview of all religious sites in Taipei
All local religion and belief sites (left) and all non-local religion sites (right) in Greater Taipei. Source: Author (2018).

Deep Roots: Buddhist, Taoist & Folk Belief Sites Across Time

Local religion 18th-19th century
18th–19th century origins: sites concentrated in the three traditional settlement cores along the Tamsui River.
Local religion 1900-1999
1900–1999 expansion: local religion sites follow urban growth while maintaining density in traditional western cores.

Incoming Landscapes: Catholic & Protestant Site Selection Over Time

Non-local religion before 1969
Before 1949 vs. 1950–1969: Catholic and Protestant churches shift from old settlement cores to post-war growth districts.
Non-local religion 1970s
1970–1989 and cumulative: non-local religions expand in tandem with population growth in eastern and southern Taipei.

"Entry into Competition": Distance Matrix Analysis

377 m
Mean distance: Catholic → nearest local religion site
694 m
Mean distance: Catholic → nearest Protestant church
317 m
Difference — Catholics closer to temples than to Protestant rivals
Contrary to the expectation that an incoming religion would avoid established sacred sites, Catholic churches are located significantly closer to local temples than to Protestant churches. This dual logic — proximity to potential converts, distance from homogeneous competition — constitutes concrete quantitative evidence of a deliberate "entry into competition" strategy, demonstrating how historic religious buildings encode cultural negotiation within the layered strata of the city.

Nearest Neighbor Index R = 1.125: Uniform Spatial Dispersion

800m buffer analysis
Left: 800m walkable catchment circles for all 40 Catholic churches cover the full 1960 urban extent of Taipei. Right: Catholic churches show the lowest railway buffer proportion (32.5%) of the three traditions — confirming accessibility defined by walkable community reach, not transit proximity.

Kernel Density Analysis

Kernel density map

Spatial Associations with Community Facilities (n = 25 churches)

96%
263 m
Educational Facilities
24 of 25 churches near schools; 36% incorporate kindergartens or primary schools — extending the church into a composite community center.
76%
150 m
Markets / Commercial Facilities
Spatial duality: market proximity places churches within daily activity routes while simultaneously establishing terminus vista viewing distance.
60%
232 m
Parks & Green Space
Churches embedded in the recreational and civic life of neighborhoods, reinforcing community anchor function.
28%
Military / Civil Servant Communities
7 churches near military facilities — spatial evidence of the Catholic Church's specific service to post-war mainland migrant communities.
Mass language distribution
Mass language distribution: English/European languages (left) vs. Asian languages — Taiwanese, Japanese, Korean, Indonesian, Vietnamese, Filipino, Cantonese (right).
Catholic charity networks
Catholic charity organization density: revealing the spatial reach of community service networks beyond the church building itself.

Terminus Vista Distance: A New HUL Planning Parameter

Definition
The measurable distance along a major street from which the complete facade of a historic religious building can be perceived — enabling the building to function as a visual landmark within the urban landscape.
281 m
Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception
Twatutia (Dadaocheng)
121 m
Shrine of St. Therese of the Child Jesus
Monga (Wanhua)
~100 m
Church of the Holy Family
Zhongzheng District
Church interior fieldwork
Field documentation: 72.7% of standalone facades oriented toward major streets — prioritizing street visibility over liturgical convention.

From Taipei to a Comparative Asian Framework

Phase 1 · 2018–2021
Foundation

Spatial mapping of local and non-local religious networks across Taipei using GIS overlay, historical cartographic sources, and field survey. Establishing dataset and methodology.

Phase 2 · 2021–2024
Quantitative Analysis

Application of Distance Matrix, Nearest Neighbor, Count Points in Polygon, and Kernel Density analyses. Proposal of terminus vista distance. ICATI 2026 paper accepted.

Phase 3 · Proposed
Comparative Framework

Transfer of methodology to Singapore, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur. Development of web visualization tools and public-facing platforms for multi-religious urban analysis.

Publication Record

"Asian Cities Deserve Their Own Urban Analytics."

The research presented here represents a decade of sustained inquiry into a question that most urban analytics frameworks have not asked: what does a city look like when religion is not a background condition but a primary spatial force?

I want to bring this question into contact with computational tools, visualization methods, and the interdisciplinary networks that can make it legible to planners, designers, and publics beyond academia. The goal is not simply to describe what Asian multi-religious cities are — but to build the analytical methods that will help us understand and shape what they are becoming.

Chih-Wen Lan  ·  cwlantw@protonmail.com  ·  Department of Architecture, China University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan